D References

English, K. K., R. C. Bocking, and J. R. Irvine. 1992. “A Robust Procedure for Estimating Salmon Escapement Based on the Area-Under-the-Curve Method.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49 (10): 1982–89. https://doi.org/10.1139/f92-220.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2005. “Canada’s Policy for Conservation of Wild Pacific Salmon.” Fisheries; Oceans Canada. https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/315577.pdf.

———. 2016. “NuSEDS–New Salmon Escapement Database System.” Open Government Portal dataset. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/c48669a3-045b-400d-b730-48aafe8c5ee6.

———. 2025. “NuSEDS (New Salmon Escapement Database System) Data Dictionary (English).” https://api-proxy.edh-cde.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/catalogue/records/c48669a3-045b-400d-b730-48aafe8c5ee6/attachments/Data_Dictionary_NuSEDS_EN.csv.

Hilborn, Ray, Brian G. Bue, and Samuel Sharr. 1999. “Estimating Spawning Escapements from Periodic Counts: A Comparison of Methods.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 (5): 888–96. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-013.

Hill, Ryan A. 1997. “Optimizing Aerial Count Frequency for the Area-Under-the-Curve Method of Estimating Escapement.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17 (2): 461–66. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0461:OACFFT>2.3.CO;2.

Holmes, J. A., G. Cronkite, and H. J. Enzenhofer. 2005. “Feasibility of Deploying a Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) System to Estimate Salmon Spawning Ground Escapement in Major Tributary Systems of the Fraser River, British Columbia.” 2592. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Fisheries; Oceans Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.617451/publication.html.

Holt, C. A., A. Cass, B. Holtby, and B. Riddell. 2009. “Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2009/058.” Fisheries; Oceans Canada.

Holt, K. R., and S. P. Cox. 2008. “Evaluation of Visual Survey Methods for Monitoring Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus Spp.) Escapement in Relation to Conservation Guidelines.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65 (2): 212–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/f07-160.

Hyatt, K. D. 1997. “Salmon Escapement Classification Key.” Internal memo, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station.

Jones, Edgar L., Terrance J. Quinn, and Benjamin W. Van Alen. 1998. “Observer Accuracy and Precision in Aerial and Foot Survey Counts of Pink Salmon in a Southeast Alaska Stream.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18 (4): 832–46. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0832:OAAPIA>2.0.CO;2.

Korman, Josh, Robert N. M. Ahrens, Paul S. Higgins, and Carl J. Walters. 2002. “Effects of Observer Efficiency, Arrival Timing, and Survey Life on Estimates of Escapement for Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Derived from Repeat Mark-Recapture Experiments.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59 (7): 1116–31. https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-081.

Millar, Russell B., Sam McKechnie, and Chris E. Jordan. 2012. “Simple Estimators of Salmonid Escapement and Its Variance Using a New Area-Under-the-Curve Method.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69 (6). https://doi.org/10.1139/f2012-034.

NuSEDS Escapement Estimates Toolkit Working Group. 2026. “SMN Escapement Estimates Toolkit (r Shiny Application).”

Parken, C. K., R. E. Bailey, and J. R. Irvine. 2003. “Incorporating Uncertainty into Area-Under-the-Curve and Peak Count Salmon Escapement Estimation.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23 (1): 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0078:IUIAUT>2.0.CO;2.

Parsons, A. L., and J. R. Skalski. 2010. “Quantitative Assessment of Salmonid Escapement Techniques.” Reviews in Fisheries Science 18 (4): 301–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.513020.

Schwarz, Carl J., Richard E. Bailey, James R. Irvine, and Frank C. Dalziel. 1993. “Estimating Salmon Spawning Escapement Using Capture–Recapture Methods.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50 (6): 1181–97. https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-135.

See, Kevin E., Ryan N. Kinzer, and Michael W. Ackerman. 2021. “State-Space Model to Estimate Salmon Escapement Using Multiple Data Sources.” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41 (5): 1360–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10649.

Vélez-Espino, L. A. et al. 2010. “Mark-Recapture Experiment for the 2009 Chinook Salmon Spawning Escapement in the Atnarko River.” 2930. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Fisheries; Oceans Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.620001/publication.html.

Walters, Carl J., and Donald Ludwig. 1981. “Effects of Measurement Errors on the Assessment of Stock–Recruitment Relationships.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 (6): 704–10. https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-093.